下面是小编为大家整理的国际空间武器观点（全文完整）,供大家参考。
C ont ents
EXECUTIVE
SUMMAR Y
.......................................................................................... IV
INTR ODUC TION
...................................................................................................... 1
DEFINING
S P A CE
W ARFARE
AND S P A CE
WEAP ONS
......................................... 3
FR AMEW ORK
FOR
EV ALU A TING
S P A CE
WEAP ONS
.......................................... 5
EXISTING
INTERN A TIONAL
A GREEMENTS
........................................................ 9
PR OP OSED
INTERN A TIONAL
A GREEMENTS
................................................... 12
RECENT
A C TIVITIES
AND S T A TEMENTS
.......................................................... 17
C ONCLUSIONS
...................................................................................................... 22
ABOUT
THE
AUTHOR
........................................................................................... 24
Executive
Summary Little
c onsensus
e xists
in
the
int ernational
c ommunity
on
what
c onstitut es
a spac e
weapon
or the
w eaponization
o f
spac e.
This
paper
uses
a
broad frame w ork f or what
may
be
c onsidered
a
spac e
w eapon, organiz ed
by
the
domains
in
which they
originat e
and
hav e
eff e cts
(Ear th-to-spac e,
spac e-t o-spac e,
and
spac e-t o- Ear th) as
w ell
as
the
physical
means
by
which
these
eff e cts
are achie v ed
(kinetic and
non-kinetic).
While
there are many
other ways
to cat e goriz e
and
subdivide the
broad range
o f
possible
spac e
w eapons, the
six
resulting
cat e gories
in
this frame w ork pro v e
useful
f or highlighting
diff erenc es
in
definitions,
how
c ountries vie w
spac e
w eapons, and
the
current
stat e
o f
spac e
w eaponization.
Of
the
six cat e gories,
thre e
cat e gories
o f
spac e
w eapons
hav e
be en
demonstrated
by nations
either
through
t esting,
deplo yment ,
or operational
use
(Ear th-to-spac e kinetic,
Ear th-to-spac e
non-kinetic,
and
spac e-t o-spac e
kinetic).
This
means
that by
many
definitions
spac e
has
already
be en
w eaponiz ed.
No
int ernational
agre ements
e xist
t oday
that
c omplet ely
limit
spac e
w eapons within
any
o f
the
six
cat e gories
o f
the
frame w ork.
Ho we v er ,
some
agre ements limit
c er tain
types
o f
spac e
w eapons
that
are subsets
within
the
cat e gories list ed
abo v e.
The
P ar tial
T est
Ban
T reaty and
Out er Spac e
T reaty are the
major widely
ac c epted
int ernational
agre ements
that
limit
spac e
w eapons
activity and
t esting.
The
P ar tial
T est
Ban
T reaty o f
1963
prohibits
the
t esting
and
use o f
nuclear
warheads
on
Ear th-to-spac e
and
spac e-t o-spac e
kinetic
weapons.
It
does
not ,
howe v er ,
aff e ct
the
de v elopment ,
t esting,
deplo yment ,
or use
o f non-nuclear
spac e
weapons.
Similarly ,
the
Out er Spac e
T reaty o f
1967
prohibits nuclear-armed
spac e-t o-spac e
and
spac e-t o-Ear th
kinetic
weapons.
It
also prohibits
all
f orms
o f
spac e-t o-spac e
w eapons
from being
t est ed
and
used
in military
maneuv ers
on
other c elestial
bodies.
Ho we v er ,
the
Out er Spac e
T reaty does
not
prohibit
c onv entionally
armed spac e-t o-spac e
w eapons
in
Ear th
orbit , in
deep
spac e,
or in
orbit
around
other c elestial
bodies
nor does
it
prohibit c onv entionally
armed spac e-t o-Ear th
weapons.
More o v er ,
it
does
not
prohibit any
Ear th-to-spac e
weapons.
Fur ther insight
int o what
other nations
c onsider
to be
spac e
w eapons
can
be gleaned
from the
ongoing
debate
o v er the
R ussian
and
Chinese
proposed
treaty entitled
“P re v ention
o f
the
Plac ement
o f
W eapons
in
Out er Spac e,
the
Threat
or Use
o f
Forc e
against
Out er Spac e
Obje cts , ”
otherwise
known
as
the
PPW T .
China and
R ussia
jointly
submitt ed
their
draf t PPWT
proposal
at
the
Unit ed
Nations
in 2008.
The
proposed
treaty defined
spac e
w eapons
some what
narro wly
to only apply
to spac e-t o-spac e
and
spac e-t o-Ear th
w eapons, both
kinetic
and
non- kinetic.
It
w ould
not
prohibit
Ear th-to-spac e
kinetic
w eapons
or Ear th-to-spac e non-kinetic
f orms
o f
attack, which
China
and
R ussia
both
possess.
In
De c ember 2008,
the
Council
o f
the
European
Union
appro v ed
its
draf t C ode o f
C onduct
f or outer spac e
activities.
Among
its
many
pro visions,
it
called
f or stat es
to “ refrain
from intentional
destruction
o f
any
on-orbit
spac e
obje ct , ” which
w ould
limit
Ear th-to-spac e
and
spac e-t o-spac e
kinetic
weapons.
By f ocusing
on
a
narro w
set
o f
pot ential
spac e
w eapons
that
hav e
the
pot ential to produce
spac e
debris, the
C ode
o f
C onduct
was
fairly
limit ed
in
sc ope.
In
2014,
the
European
Union
published
a
fifth
re vision
o f
the
C ode
o f
C onduct
that alt ered the
limitation
on
Ear th-to-spac e
and
spac e-t o-spac e
kinetic
w eapons
to include
an
e x c eption
f or when
the
destruction
o f
a
spac e
obje ct
may
be justified.
The
allo wable
justifications
are f or saf ety
(par ticularly
if
human
lif e
is inv olv ed),
the
pre v ention
o f
ne w
spac e
debris, and
self-def ense. R ussia
and
China
also
issued
an
updated
draf t o f
the
PPWT
in
2014
that
alt ered the
defined
t erms
in
the
treaty in
se v eral
ways. It
modified
the
proposed definition
o f
a
spac e
weapon
to apply
to any
outer spac e
obje ct
and
included additional
clarification
on
the
prot e ction
o f
a
stat e ’ s
right
o f
self-def ense
to include
the
right
o f
c olle ctiv e
self-def ense, which
hues
more closely
to the w ording
in
the
EU
C ode
o f
C onduct .
Ultimat ely ,
both
the
EU
C ode
o f
C onduct
and
the
PPWT
failed
to gain
c onsensus. Ho we v er ,
in
De c ember 2015,
the
UN
General
Assembly
passed
a
resolution
that urged
the
c ommencement
o f
ne gotiations
on
the
Chinese-R ussian
PPWT
and enc ouraged
stat es
to uphold
a
“ political
c ommitment
not
to be
the
first to plac e w eapons
in
outer spac e . ”
The
resolution
spe cifically
cit ed
Argentina,
Armenia, Belarus,
Brazil,
C uba,
Indonesia,
K azakhstan,
K yrgy zstan,
R ussia,
Sri
L anka, T ajikistan,
and
V ene zuela
as
having
already
stat ed
that
they
w ould
not
be
the first to plac e
w eapons
in
outer spac e.
More o v er ,
R ussia
and
V ene zuela
issued
a
joint
stat ement
to the
UN
C onf erence
on
Disarmament
saying
that
they
“will not
be
the
first to deplo y
any
type
o f
weapon
in
outer spac e
and
will
do
their utmost
to pre v ent
outer spac e
from being
turned int o a
theatre f or military c onfrontation
and
to ensure
se curity
in
outer spac e
activities . ”
Such
stat ements imply
that
these
nations
believ e
w eapons
hav e
not
already
be en
plac ed
in spac e.
Given
the
diff erent types
o f
spac e
w eapons
that
hav e
already
be en
t est ed or demonstrat ed,
these
stat ements
may
simply
be
duplicit ous
or may
indicat e that
these
nations
hav e
a
narro w er vie w
o f
what
a
spac e
weapon
is.
C urrent activities
and
stat ements
by
f oreign
go v ernments
and
non- go v ernmental
organizations
also
shed
light
on
how
vie ws
on
spac e
w eapons are e v olving.
T w o non-gov ernmental
groups
are currently
de v eloping
repor ts on
the
military
uses
o f
spac e
and
what
c onstitut es
an
act
o f
war or aggression in
spac e.
McGill
Univ ersity’ s
C ent er f or R esearch
in
Air
and
Spac e
L aw
initiat ed a
proje ct
to de v elop
a
Manual
on
Int ernational
L aw
Applicable
to Military
Uses o f
Out er Spac e,
known
as
MIL AMOS,
with
the
obje ctiv e
to create
a
manual
that “ clarifies
the
fundamental
rules
applicable
to military
uses
o f
outer spac e
by both
Stat es
and
non-Stat e
act ors
in
times
o f
peac e
and
in
periods
o f
rising
t ensions . ”
W ork is
also
underway
on
a
similar
proje ct
known
as
W oomera, which
is
a
c ollaboration
among
f our univ ersities:
the
Univ ersity
o f
Adelaide in
Australia,
the
Univ ersity
o f
Ex eter in
the
Unit ed
Kingdom,
the
Univ ersity
o f
Nebraska
C olle ge
o f
L aw
in
the
Unit ed
Stat es,
and
the
Univ ersity
o f
Ne w
South W ales
in
Australia.
Lik e
MIL AMOS,
W oomera aims
to create
a
manual
that summarizes
how
e xisting
int ernational
law
applies
to military
uses
o f
spac e.
Franc e
has
be c ome one
o f
the
most
v ocal
nations
on
the
ne ed
to de v elop
better def enses
in
spac e.
In
2019,
it
issued
a
ne w
Spac e
Def ense
Strat e gy
that
calls
f or the
creation
o f
a
Spac e
C ommand
under
its
Air
Forc e
and
renaming
the
Air Forc e
to be
the
Air
and
Spac e
Forc e.
In
some
o f
the
most
dire ct
and
spe cific language
by
a
go v ernment
o fficial
from any
nation
on
the
ne ed
f or activ e def enses
in
spac e,
the
French
def ense
minist er publicly
stat ed
that
Franc e int ends
to de v elop
body guard
sat ellit es
and
high-po w ered lasers
on
sat ellit es to prot e ct
French
spac e
assets
from attack.
Japan has
also
taken
a
more proactiv e
approach
to spac e
def ense, largely
driv en by
threats
it
perc eiv es
from China ’ s
spac e
activities.
In
its
2019
def ense
whit e paper ,
the
Japanese
Ministry
o f
Def ense
discusses
various
means
o f
impro ving spac e
c ontrol, such
as
bolst ering
its
spac e
situational
awareness
capabilities and
passiv e
defenses.
Japan is
also
creating
a
Spac e
Domain
Mission
Unit within
the
Air
Self-Def ense
Forc e.
An
unnamed
senior
ministry
o f
def ense o fficial
was
quot ed
in
the
press
saying
that
Japan was
de ciding
on
whether
or not
to de v elop
...