下面是小编为大家整理的迈向绿色经济过渡及其对质量基础设施启示,供大家参考。
Contents
Abbreviations Executive summary
1 1 Introduction
7 2 Quality infrastructure and the green economy
10 2.1 Quality infrastructure: a system of interrelated services
10 2.2 The importance of NQI systems in the transition towards green economies
13 3 Past trends in green technology development: a patent data perspective
18 3.1 Using patents to assess trends in green innovation
19 3.2 Green patenting activity by technological domain
22 3.3 Green patenting by countries
32 3.4 Summary
48 4 Expected trends in the transition to a green economy and implications for QI
50 4.1 Research design
51 4.2 Trends in green technologies: deployment and domestic capabilities
55 4.2.1 Emerging economies
58 4.2.2 Developing countries
64 4.3 Summary on future market trends and domestic capabilities
71 4.4 Implications for QI investments
73 4.4.1 Sophistication of the QI system
74 4.4.2 Needed QI system improvements
83 4.5 Summary on QI implications
89 5 Case studies of transition to a green economy and implications for QI
91 5.1 India
93 5.1.1 The NQI system
97
5.1.2 Air pollution
101 5.1.3 Energy efficiency
in buildings
104 5.1.4 Sustainable transportation
109 5.1.5 Solid waste management
113 5.1.6 Overall implications for NQI interventions
115 5.2 Morocco
119 5.2.1 The NQI system
120 5.2.2 Renewable energy systems – focus on solar energy
127 5.2.3 Energy efficiency
in buildings
130 5.2.4 Solid waste management
133 5.2.5 Sustainable transportation
136 5.2.6 Water management
138 5.2.7 Overall implications for NQI interventions
140 5.3 Ethiopia
144 5.3.1 The NQI system
146 5.3.2 Renewable energy systems
149 5.3.3 Sustainable transportation – focus on rail-bound passenger and freight transport
155 5.3.4 Solid waste management
157 5.3.5 Sustainable agriculture and land management
159 5.3.6 Overall implications for NQI interventions
160 5.4 Comparative perspectives
165 5.4.1 QI capabilities for the transition to a green economy
165 5.4.2 QI capabilities for spe cific
green technology sectors
167 6 Key findings
and implications for quality infrastructure in developing and emerging economies
171 6.1 Market trends and QI implications
172 6.2 Recommendations for QI development
173 Bibliography
177 Appendix
192
Boxes
Box 1: Insights into other aspects of the transition to a green economy
70 Box 2: Trends in environmental regulations and standards 87 Box 3: Off-grid options for electricity access 153 Figures
Figure 1: Number of green patents by year, 1975-2017, all countries 23 Figure 2: Green technology classes by number of patents and AAGR, 1975-2015
33 Figure 3: Average number of all green patents by year (t; t-3), by country (leaders)
37 Figure 4: Average number of green patents by year (t; t-3), by group of countries
39 Figure 5: Average number of green patents by year (t; t-3) in emerging countries (excluding China)
40 Figure 6: Mixed methods approach 52 Figure 7: Research design for Phase 2 – the Delphi surveys 54 Figure 8: The degree of sophistication of green technology families 56 Figure 9: Expected trends in market development for selected green technologies in emerging economies
59 Figure 10: Level of domestic value added and technological capabilities to be provided in emerging economies by 2030
60 Figure 11: Expected trends in market development for selected green technologies in developing countries
65 Figure 12: Level of domestic value added and technological capabilities to be provided in developing countries by 2030
66 Tables
Table 1: NQI services and associated institutions 12 Table 2: Categorisation of green technologies used in this study 14 Table 3: Green technology classes 21 Table 4: Number of green patents by aggregate technological class, all countries
24 Table 5: Top 10 green technological domains in terms of total number of patents, 1975-2017, all countries
27
Table 6: Green patents by selected classes in selected years as per cent of total patents in each year
28 Table 7: Fastest growing green technological classes (classes with an above-average AAGR)
30 Table 8: Green technology classes by rates of growth in innovation and number of patents (condensed version), 1975-2015
34 Table 9: Top green patenting countries – cumulative number of patents, 1975-2017, World
36 Table 10: Top green patenting emerging countries (number of patents and per cent of total)
38 Table 11: Average number of green patents backward and forward citations per country (emerging and leaders)
41 Table 12: The most prolific
green patent classes in selected emerging countries (number of patents)
43 Table 13: Levels of technology sophistication and QI for various green technologies
75 Table 14: Speed of market development in emerging economies and the sophistication of QI for selected green technologies
78 Table 15: Speed of market development in developing countries and the sophistication of QI for selected green technologies
81 Table 16: “Prioritisation” of improvement needs in the NQI system for a country that mainly imports the technology (number of responses)
85 Table 17: “Prioritisation” of improvement needs in the NQI system for a country that develops most technology components locally (number of responses)
86 Table 18: Sectors examined in the three country case studies 93 Table 19: Suggested road map for sector-level QI interventions 171
Appendix Tables Table A1: CPC-selected codes in the Y class of green technology
patents 192 Table A2: Technology survey – Delphi survey, Round 2 195 Table A3: List of interviewed organisations 198
Abbreviations
AADR Addis Ababa-Djibouti Railway AAGR average annual growth rate AAIT Addis Ababa Institute of Technology AALRT Addis Ababa Light Rail Transit ACMA Automotive Components Manufacturers Association (India) AETDPD Alternative Energy Technology Development and Promotion Directorate (Ethiopia) AFD French Development Agency / Agence Française de Développement AFRIMETS Intra-Africa Metrology System / Système Intra-Africain de Métrologie AMEE Moroccan Agency for Energy Efficiency
/ Agence Marocaine pour l’Efficacité
Energétique ARAC Arab Accreditation Cooperation ARAI Automotive Research Association of India ATA Agricultural Transformation Agency (ATA) BEE Bureau of Energy Efficiency
(India) BIS Bureau of Indian Standards BMZ Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (Germany) / Bundesministerium für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung BRT bus rapid transit CCECC China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation CEEW Council on Energy, Environment and Water (India) CENELEC European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization / Comitato europeo di normazione elettrotecnica CEREP Center for Studies and Research on the Environment and Pollution (Morocco) / Centre d’Etudes et de Recherches sur l’Environnement et la Pollution CETEMCO Center for Building Techniques and Materials (Morocco) / Centre des Techniques et Matériaux de Construction
CII Confederation of Indian Industry CGEM General Confederation of Moroccan Enterprises / Confédération Générale des Entreprises du Maroc COMAC National Committee for Accreditation (Morocco) / Comité Marocain d’Accréditation CPC Cooperative Patent Classification CPCB Central Pollution Control Board (India) CREC China Railway Group Limited CRGE Climate Resilient Green Economy (Ethiopia) CSE Centre for Science and Environment (India) CSIR Council of Scientifi c and Industrial Research (India) CSNCA High Council for Standardization, Certification,
Accreditation and Promotion of Quality (Morocco) / Conseil Supérieur de Normalisation, de Certification
et d’Accréditation et de la Promotion de la Qualité CTM Lydec’s Technical Centre for Metrology (Morocco) / Centre Technique de Métrologie de la Lydec DCEM Department for Water Quality Assurance (Morocco) / Direction du Controle de la Qualité des Eaux DIE German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik DPCSMQ Department for Consumer Protection, Market and Quality Assessment (Morocco) / Direction de la Protection du Consommateur, de la Surveillance du Marché et de la Qualité ECAE Ethiopian Conformity Assessment Enterprise ECBC Energy Conservation Building Code (India) ECBP Engineering Capacity Building Program (Ethiopia) EDS Environmental Design Solutions (India) EEP Ethiopian Electric Power EESL Energy Efficiency
Services Limited (India) ENAO Ethiopian National Accreditation Office
ENIM Rabat School of Mines (Morocco) / École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Rabat
EPC engineering, procurement and construction EPO European Patent O ffice
ERA Ethiopian Railway Academy ERC Ethiopian Railways Corporation ESA Ethiopian Standards Agency EV electric vehicle FAME Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid &) Electric Vehicles (India) FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FDI foreign direct investment GDP gross domestic product GERD Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam GHG greenhouse gas GIZ German Agency for International Cooperation / Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GoE Government of Ethiopia GRIHA Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (India) GTP Growth and Transformation Plan (Ethiopia) GVCs Global value chains GW gigawatt HVAC heating, ventilation and air conditioning IAF International Accreditation Forum IAIP integrated agro-industrial park ICE internal combustion engine ICS improved cookstove ICT information and communications technology IEA International Energy Agency IEC International Electrotechnical Commission IIT Indian Institute of Technology ILAC International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation
IMANOR National Institute for Standards (Morocco) / Institut Marocain de Normalisation INSS Indian National Strategy for Standardization IRESEN Research Institute for Solar Energy and New Energy Technologies (Morocco) / Institut de Recherche en Énergie Solaire et Énergies Nouvelles ISO International Organization for Standardization L2MI Moroccan Laboratory for Industrial Metrology / Laboratoire Marocain de Métrologie Industrielle LG Lighting Global LNM National Metrology Laboratory (Morocco) / Laboratoire National de Mé...