制度;养老金体系;社会保障;东亚、东南亚国家
摘要:从不同层面使用“政策”“支柱”“体制/组织方法”“系统/制度”等框架研究老龄化趋势下的东亚、东南亚典型国家和地区养老金体系的发展情况,发现东亚、东南亚典型国家和地区养老金体系具有社会保险类型、公积金类型、混合拼盘型三种类型,养老金体系的重要组成部分及其各自功能的耦合具有相似性,养老金系统的主要缺陷普遍为覆盖率低、收益不足,而且东亚、东南亚国家养老金制度改革面临着老龄化趋势、全球化竞争加剧和劳动力市场变迁、城镇化加速、宏观经济形势及资本市场的波动性影响等外部挑战,因此只有维护财务稳定、促进经济竞争、实现社会公平、提高运行效率,才能实现人民负担得起、充足和可持续的养老金计划。
中图分类号:F279.129文献标志码:A文章编号:1009-4474(2016)03-0063-09
Comparative Study of National Pension System Reforms in
Eastern and Southeastern Asian Countries
LV Huangqin1,2a, ZHOU Weimin2b, Che Sihan3c
(1.Channel Management Department, Beibu Gulf Property & Casualty Insuramce Co.,Ltd. Nanning 530028, China; 2a.International Institute of Gerontology; b.School of Economics & Management; c.School of Public Administration, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China)
Key words: welfare system; pension funds system; social security; Eastern and southeastern Asian Countries
Abstract: This essay discusses the development of pension system in eastern and southwesten Asian countries on different layers and under the framework of “policy”, “pillar”, “regime”, and “system”. The authors find out that there are three types of pension systems in eastern and southwester Asian countries, i.e., social security, accumulation fund and mixed assorted type. Based on historical institutionalism analysis paradigm, the authors present the important components of pension systems and their combinations and reveal crucial disadvantages inside pension systems such as low coverage and insufficient profits along with the mutual external challenges: aging, accelerating global competition, labor migration, growing urbanization and the effect of capital market volatility. In conclusion, the pension systems in eastern and southeastern Asian countries still demand a long term development to make them sustainable, sufficient and beneficial to citizens. Policy suggestions were also proposed for the reform of pension systems.
一、引言学术界有关世界养老金制度主要类型的划分,尤其是对福利制度发源地欧洲各国的研究,已经产生了诸多影响深远的研究成果。其中包括EspingAndersen依据生产模式及政治民主观点所创立的“福利资本主义社会”的三分法〔1〕,Ferrera依据社会风险分担方式的差异所创立的“普惠——职业”的两分法〔2〕,以及Bonoli、Marier所推崇的多维多层分类法〔3~4〕。
其中,EspingAndersen的三分法精辟地归纳了福利制度的若干重要特征:西南交通大学学报(社会科学版)第17卷第3期吕鍠芹东亚、东南亚国家养老金体系的比较研究以英国和爱尔兰为代表的自由主义体制,其养老金制度既包括了带有“安全网”意义的国家养老金,还倚重体现职业特点的、以自主选择、市场运作为特点的私人养老金;以德国、意大利、法国、奥地利、荷兰、西班牙为代表的保守—团结主义体制,其养老金制度主要依靠以就业和参保关联的社会保险,同时辅以微薄的社会救助;而以丹麦、挪威、瑞典为代表的社会民主体制,其养老金制度则更强调以一般性税收为基础的社会普遍养老金。
Ferrera的二分法则在EspingAndersen三分法的基础上,进一步细化了对上述国家福利制度的分野。比如:他明确地指出虽然英国也如同北欧诸国那样提供普遍的养老金,但显然英国更像是一种混合体制,它吸纳了更多个人主义、市场主义的成分;同样的,意大利和荷兰虽然同德国一样倾向于采用就业和参保关联的社会保险,但也从一开始就允许甚至鼓励其他形式的存在。