摘要：【目的】分析珠江口淺海重要经济虾类摄食习性的基本特征及营养级变化的基本规律，为珠江口及其邻近海域生态系统结构、能量流动和海洋生物食物网研究及增殖放流提供科学依据，也为开展南海近海生物资源养护工作提供技术支撑。【方法】对2011～2012年在珠江口浅海拖网捕获的中国对虾（Fenneropenaeus chinensis）、长毛对虾（Penaeus penicillatus）、近缘新对虾（Metapenaeus affinis）和刀额新对虾（Metapenaeus ensis）4种经济虾类样品的胃含物进行鉴定和生物学测定，并根据胃含物中饵料生物的重量组成和出现频率，分析这4种经济虾类饵料生物的生态类群及食物组成的季节变化和营养级。【结果】珠江口浅海4种经济虾类均以底栖生物和浮游生物为主要营养饵料，兼食小型游泳动物（包括幼鱼），饵料生物种类在春末夏初期间比秋末冬初更广泛。4种经济虾类的平均营养级为2.43，按食性可划归为第三营养级，属低级肉食性动物。【结论】珠江口浅海的中国对虾、长毛对虾、近缘新对虾和刀额新对虾的营养级与经济鱼类在同一层次，是对该海域鱼类资源的重要补充，其中以浮游生物为主要饵料的长毛对虾可作为珠江口浅海兼具生物净水功能的主要增殖放流品种。
关键词： 经济虾类；食性；营养级；珠江口浅海
中图分类号： S932.51 文献标志码：A 文章编号：2095-1191（2016）05-0736-06
Abstract：【Objective】The present experiment was conducted to analyze basic characters of food habits and fundamental laws of trophic level for major economical shrimps in the Pearl River estuary shallow waters， in order to provide scientific basis for studying structure and energy flow of ecosystem， food webs of marine organism， enhancement and releasing in the Pearl River estuary shallow waters， and provide support for conservation of marine organism in the coastal waters of South China Sea. 【Method】Four species of economical shrimps， including Fenneropenaeus chinensis， Penaeus penicillatus， Metapenaeus affinis and Metapenaeus ensis， were obtained from trawl surveys in the Pearl River estuary shallow waters during 2011-2012， their stomach contents were analyzed and identified. Ecological groups of food organism， seasonal variation of food composition， and trophic levels for four species of economical shrimps were analyzed based on stomach content analysis of bait biological weight composition and appearance frequencies. 【Result】Four species of economical shrimps mainly fed on benthos， plankton and mini swimming animals（including fish larva）. Major prey species were more widespread in late spring and early summer compared with late autumn and early winter. The average trophic level for four species of economical shrimps was 2.43. Four species of shrimps were classified as the third trophic level and lower carnivorous animals. 【Conclusion】In the Pearl River estuary shallow waters， four species of economical shrimps viz.， F. chinensis， P. penicillatus， M. affinis and M. ensis and economical fishes are at a same trophic level. Therefore， the economical shrimps are important supplement to fish resources in the waters. Furthermore， P. penicillatus， mainly feeds on plankton， may be one of major species of enhancement and releasing owing to its function of biological water purification.