下面是小编为大家整理的拉美和加勒比海地区新冠疫情冲击和政策反思（2022年）,供大家参考。
ribbean
(LCR CE)
and
the
Macr oeconomics,
T rade
and
In v estment
(MTI)
Global
Practice at
the
W orld
Bank.
I ts
preparation
w as
led
b y
Martin
Rama
( Chief
Economist,
LCR CE),
in
close
collaboration
with
J org e
Araujo
(Practice
Manag er ,
ELCMU).
close
T HE
C O S T
OF
S TA y ING
H E AL TH y
A C k NO w LEDGEMENT S
5
Ackno wl edg ements
A
This
r eport
is
a
joint
pr oduct
of
the
Chief
Economist
office
f or
Latin
America
and
the
Ca -
T
Substanti v e
contributions
to
the
r eport
w er e
made
b y
Guillermo
Be y lis
(Economist ),
Ir ene
Ez - ran
( Consultant ),
Elena
Iancho vichina
(Lead
Economist ),
Miguel
R osales
Leg orr eta
( Consultant ), D aniel
Riera-Crichton
(R esear ch
Economist ),
Rucheta
Singh
( Consultant )
and
Guillermo
V ule -
Subs ran
( D ani
tin
( Senior
Economist ),
all
with
LCR CE.
tin
( S
The
team
at
the
Chief
Economist
office
f or
Latin
America
and
the
Caribbean
pr oduced
back - ground
papers
on
fiscal
multipliers
fr om
social
transfers
to
households,
on
the
no w casting
of economic
acti vity
based
on
satellite
imag ery ,
and
on
the
d ynamics
of
heath
and
economic
out -
The gr ou econ
comes
acr oss
countries.
come
A
background
paper
on
the
pharmaceutical
industry
in
the
r egion
w as
also
commissioned
fr om
A
bac
V er ónica
V argas
( V isiting
F ello w ,
Harv ar d
U ni v ersity )
and
a
stud y
of
the
g o v ernment
procur e -
V er ó
ment
of
medical
supplies
and
pharmaceuticals
fr om
Ale xandr e
Borg es
de
O li v eira
(Lead
Pr o -
ment
cur ement
S pecialist )
and
Mihaly
F azekas
(Assistant
Pr of essor ,
Central
European
U ni v ersity ).
cur e
Country -specific
macroeconomic
estimates
and
write-ups
w er e
pr oduced
b y
country
econo -
Coun
mists
in
the
MTI
Global
Practice
coor dinated
b y
J ames
Sampi
(Economist,
ELCMU),
and
includ -
mists
ing
Sonia
Araujo,
Matias
Arnal,
D aniel
Barco,
Rafael
Barr oso,
Elena
Bondarenko,
Bledi
Celiku,
ing
S
F abiano
Colbano,
Barbara
Cunha,
Simon
D a vies,
Anton
Dobronog o v ,
Jo zef
Draaisma,
P aolo
Du -
F abia
dine,
J ulian
F olgar ,
F ernando
Giuliano,
Mar ek
Hanusch,
J ohannes
H er derschee,
E v ans
J adotte,
dine,
Santiag o
J ustel,
E w a
K or czy c,
Ran
Li,
Rohan
Longmor e,
D avid
Mac W illiam,
Kirsten
M cLeod,
Santi
Eduardo
O laberria,
Rafael
Ornelas,
Ruslan
Piontki v sky ,
Andr es
Roseroi,
Dieg o
T uzman,
J ulio
Edua
V elasco,
Gabriel
Zaourak,
and
Christian
Zambaglione.
V elas
A dditional
inputs
on
health
and
po v erty
w er e
pr o vided
b y
teams
led
b y
Michele
Granolati
(Prac - tice
Manag er ,
HLCHN)
and
Ximena
del
Carpio
(Practice
Manag er ,
ELCPV),
r especti v el y .
A dministrati v e
support
w as
pr o vided
b y
J acqueline
Larrabur e
(Pr ogram
Assistant,
LCR CE).
Ale -
A ddi tice
A dm
jandr o
Espinosa
( Sonideas ),
Shane
Kimo
Romig
(LCREC),
Carlos
Molina
( Online
Communica -
jandr
tions
Officer ,
LCREC)
and
Gonzalo
V illamizar
( Consultant,
LCREC)
contributed
on
design
and communication.
The
cutoff
date
f or
this
r eport
w as
October
1,
2020 .
tions com
The
6
T HE
C O S T
OF
S TA y ING
H E AL TH y
ILLUSTRA TION
BASED
ON
PHO T O
B Y :
ALBER T O
PICHARDO / S ONIDE AS . C O M
T HE
C O S T
OF
S TA y ING
H E AL TH y
T ABLE
OF
C ONTENT S
7
T ab l e
of
c ont ents
Ackno wl edg ements
.......................................................................... 5
Ex ecutiv e
summary
........................................................................... 9
1 One
of
the
w orst
cris es
e v er
....................................................... 14
A
ba d shock in
an
a lr e a dy
struggling
r egion
...................................................................... 15
Some wel c ome
surpris es
on the
up side
........................................................................... 17
A
str ong
polic y
r esponse
despit e
limit ed
fis c a l
spa c e
....................................................... 20
Damaging
ec onomic and
s oci a l
impa c ts
........................................................................... 21
2 The
outl ook
f or
the
r egion
......................................................... 24
Soci a l
tr ansf er s
as
a
s a ving
gr a c e
....................................................................................... 25
As s es sing
the
e xt ent
of
the
dama g e
................................................................................. 27
Ec onomic a c tivit y
in
the
thir d quar t er
.............................................................................. 28
3 The
c o st
of
c ont aining
the
pandemic
.......................................... 34
T r a deoff s
fr om
the
pandemic
in
rich
and
poor c ountries
................................................. 35
He a lth
c o sts
and
ec onomic c o sts
s o
f ar
........................................................................... 37
4 He a lth
c ar e
c o sts
in
norma l
times
............................................... 40
The r es our c es
de v o t ed
t o
he a lth
c ar e
.............................................................................. 41
The or g aniza tion of
the
pharma c eutic a l
s ec t or
................................................................ 44
Public
pr ocur ement
of
medicines
..................................................................................... 46
5 The
w a y
f orw ar d
....................................................................... 50
Living
with
the
virus
whil e
w aiting
f or
the
v a c cine
............................................................ 51
Expanding
eff ec tiv e
he a lth
c ar e
c o v er a g e
......................................................................... 52
K eeping
medicines
aff or dable
........................................................................................... 52
Re as s es sing
inf orma lit y
..................................................................................................... 56
Recre a ting
polic y
spa c e
.................................................................................................... 57
6 C ountry
brief s
.......................................................................... 60
Ref er enc es
...................................................................................... 73
8
T HE
C O S T
OF
S TA y ING
H E AL TH y
ILLUSTRA TION
BASED
ON
PHO T O
B Y :
ALBER T O
PICHARDO / S ONIDE AS . C O M
L
L
E
Ex e cutiv e
summary
a n t
nomi pr og
atin
America
and
the
Caribbean
is
the
r egion
har dest
hit
b y
the
Co vid-19
pandemic.
The number
of
deaths
per
million
people
is
as
high
as
in
ad v anced
economies,
if
not
mor e,
but
been certa
the
r esour ces
a v ailable
to
counter
the
shock
ar e
much
mor e
constrained.
The
r esulting
eco -
do wn
nomic
crisis
arri v es
on
the
back
of
se v eral
years
of
disappointing
economic
gr o wth
and
limited pr ogr ess
on
social
indicators,
and
right
after
a
w a v e
of
social
unr est.
The
impact
of
Co vid-19
has been
f elt
thr ough
multiple
channels,
including
lo w er
f or eign
demand,
incr eased
economic
un -
On
t been
certainty ,
a
collapse
of
tourism
flo w s
and,
especially ,
the
consequences
of
months
under
lock -
modi
do wn
to
trying
to
contain
the
spread
of
the
disease.
high
The
s
On
the
positi v e
side,
international
de v elopments
ha v e
been
less
unfa v orable
than
could
ha v e been
anticipated
six
months
ag o.
Global
trade
in
g oods
is
r eturning
to
pr e-crisis
le v els
and
com - modity
prices
ha v e
held
r elati v el y
w ell.
After
a
sharp
initial
decline,
r emittances
ar e
g enerall y
spite
And
higher
than
a
y ear
earlier ,
and
f e w
countries
ha v e
lost
access
to
international
financial
mark ets.
acr os
The
stimulus
packag es
set
up
b y
se v eral
g o v ernments
in
the
r egion
w er e
r emarkabl y
r obust,
de -
cond
spite
the
fiscal
constraints,
and
much
of
the
additional
r esour ces
w ent
to
social
transf ers.
that
s
surv e
And
y et,
the
economic
and
social
damag e
is
immense.
U nemployment
rates
ha v e
incr eased
r e v ea
acr oss
Latin
America
and
the
Caribbean,
sometimes
substantially .
A
series
of
telephone
surv e y s
soon.
conducted
b y
the
W orld
Bank
in
13
countries
in
the
r egion
sho w s
that
the
shar e
of
households that
suff er ed
a
decline
in
income
is
e v en
higher
than
the
shar e
e xperiencing
job
losses.
A
similar surv e y
e x er cise
b y
the
W orld
Bank
f ocusing
on
firms
and
co v ering
fi v e
countries
in
the
r egion, r e v eals
that
a
larg e
shar e
of
the
r espondents
has
fallen
in
pa yment
arr ears
or
anticipate
doing
so soon.
The
findings
of
these
rapid
r esponse
assessments,
summarized
in
this
r eport,
sugg est
that the
impact
of
the
crisis
is
not
onl y
se v er e
but
also
potentiall y
long-lasting.
One
r eason
to
temper
the
most
pessimistic
f or ecasts
is
the
r emarkabl y
larg e
scale
of
the
stimu - lus
packag es
adopted
b y
se v eral
g o v ernments
in
Latin
America
and
the
Caribbean.
Fi v e
of
the ten
social
transf er
pr ograms
with
the
br oadest
population
co v erag e
in
the
de v eloping
w orld
ar e
the
i
One lus
p ten
s in
th
A
firs larg e with
in
the
r egion.
sis
co
A
first
background
stud ...
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